Factors associated with extubation failure in an intensive care unit: a case-control study / Fatores associados à falha de extubação em unidade de terapia intensiva: estudo de caso-controle / Factores asociados al fracaso de la extubación en unidad de cuidados intensivos: estudio de caso y control

Abstract Objective: to investigate the factors associated with extubation failure of patients in the intensive care unit. Method: unpaired, longitudinal, retrospective and quantitative case-control with the participation of 480 patients through clinical parameters for ventilator weaning. Data were analyzed by: Fisher's exact test or the chi-square test; unpaired two-tailed Student's t test; and Mann-Whitney test. Significant P values lower than or equal to 0.05 were admitted. Results: of the patients, 415 (86.5%) were successful and 65 (13.5%) failed. Success group: the most negative fluid balance, APACHE II in 20 (14-25), weak cough in 58 (13.9%). Failure group: the most positive fluid balance, APACHE II in 23 (19-29), weak cough in 31 (47.7%), abundant amount of pulmonary secretions in 47.7%. Conclusion: positive fluid balance and the presence of inefficient cough or inability to clear the airway were predictors of extubation failure.

Resumo Objetivo: investigar os fatores associados à falha de extubação de pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva. Método: caso-controle não pareado, longitudinal, retrospectivo e quantitativo com a participação de 480 pacientes por meio de parâmetros clínicos para desmame ventilatório. Dados analisados por: Teste Exato de Fisher ou o teste Qui-quadrado; teste t de Student bicaudal não pareado; e teste de Mann-Whitney. Admitiram-se significantes valores de P menores ou iguais a 0,05. Resultados: dos pacientes, 415 (86,5%) tiveram sucesso e 65 (13,5%) falharam. Grupo sucesso: balanço hídrico mais negativo, APACHE II em 20 (14-25), tosse fraca em 58 (13,9%). Grupo falha: balanço hídrico mais positivo, APACHE II em 23 (19-29), tosse fraca em 31 (47,7 %), quantidade abundante de secreção pulmonar em 47,7 %. Conclusão: o balanço hídrico positivo e a presença de tosse ineficiente ou incapacidade de higienizar a via aérea foram preditores de falhas de extubação.

Resumen Objetivo: investigar los factores asociados al fracaso de la extubación de pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Método: caso y control no apareado, longitudinal, retrospectivo y cuantitativo con la participación de 480 pacientes mediante parámetros clínicos para el destete de la ventilación. Datos analizados por: Prueba Exacta de Fisher o prueba de Chi-cuadrado; prueba t de Student de dos colas para datos no apareados; y prueba de Mann-Whitney. Se admitieron valores de P significativos menores o iguales a 0,05. Resultados: de los pacientes, 415 (86,5%) tuvieron éxito y 65 (13,5%) fracasaron. Grupo de éxito: balance hídrico más negativo, APACHE II en 20 (14-25), tos débil en 58 (13,9%). Grupo de fracaso: balance de líquidos más positivo, APACHE II en 23 (19-29), tos débil en 31 (47,7%), abundante cantidad de secreciones pulmonares en 47,7%. Conclusión: el balance hídrico positivo y la presencia de tos ineficaz o incapacidad para higienizar la vía aérea fueron predictores de fracaso de la extubación.

Application of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the application value of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children.@*METHODS@#The critically ill children in Hunan Children's Hospital who were transported with or without a transport ventilator were included as the observation group (from January 2019 to January 2020; n=122) and the control group (from January 2018 to January 2019; n=120), respectively. The two groups were compared in terms of general data, the changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood oxygen saturation during transport, the incidence rates of adverse events, and outcomes.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences between the two groups in sex, age, oxygenation index, pediatric critical illness score, course of disease, primary disease, heart rate, respiratory rate, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation before transport (P>0.05). During transport, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation (P>0.05). The incidence rates of tracheal catheter detachment, indwelling needle detachment, and sudden cardiac arrest in the observation group were lower than those in the control group during transport, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit and significantly higher transport success rate and cure/improvement rate (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The application of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport can improve the success rate of inter-hospital transport and the prognosis in critically ill children, and therefore, it holds promise for clinical application in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children.

Cuidados de enfermería durante la ventilación decúbito prono de pacientes con COVID-19 / Nursing care during prone position ventilation of patients with COVID-19

Introducción: Una de las estrategias no convencionales para el cuidado del paciente con COVID-19 con síndrome de distress respiratorio agudo es la técnica de pronación. La responsabilidad de este cambio de posición recae en el equipo de enfermería y no se dispone de una sistematización de este conocimiento Objetivo: Sintetizar los cuidados de enfermería en el paciente con COVID-19, síndrome de distress respiratorio agudo y ventilación mecánica en decúbito prono versus otros decúbitos, para mejorar la oxigenación y disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones. Métodos: Revisión sistemática realizada entre noviembre del 2021 y enero del 2022. Se realizó búsqueda en las bases de datos Pupmed, Google académico, Elsevier y Research Gate. Se elaboró la pregunta guía a través del acrónimo PICO. La estrategia de búsqueda se realizó mediante los descriptores en Ciencias de Salud y Medical Subject Headings "Posición prona", "Ventilación mecánica", Síndrome de distress respiratorio agudo", "COVID-19", "Cuidados de enfermería" con los operadores booleanos AND y OR. Se utilizó el diagrama de flujo PRISMA. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, resultó una muestra de 18 artículos para ser discutidos. Conclusiones: La revisión realizada posibilitó destacar la importancia de los cuidados de enfermería antes, durante y después de aplicada la técnica de pronación para disminuir la incidencia de complicaciones, el análisis de los valores hemogasométricos permite establecer comparaciones que verifiquen la efectividad de la técnica(AU)

Introduction: One of the unconventional strategies for the care of the COVID-19 patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome is the pronation technique. The responsibility for this change in position falls on the Nursing team and there is no systematization of this knowledge Objective: integrate the results of studies regarding nursing care during ventilation in the prone position of patients with COVID-19 Methods: systematic review carried out between November 2021 and January 2022. A search was made in the Pupmed, Google academic, Elsevier, ResearchGate databases. The guiding question was elaborated through the acronym PICO. The search strategy was carried out using the descriptors in Health Sciences and Medical Subject Headings "prone position", "mechanical ventilation", Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome", "COVID-19", "Nursing care" with Boolean AND operators and OR. The flow chart (PRISMA) was used. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a sample of 18 resulted to be discussed. Conclusions: the review carried out made it possible to highlight the importance of Nursing care before, during and after to reduce the incidence of complications, the analysis of hemogasometric values allows comparisons to be made that verify the effectiveness of the technique(AU)

Presión de distensión alveolar: su asociación a la mortalidad y protección pulmonar en pacientes ventilados / Alveolar distension pressure: association to mortality and pulmonary protection in ventilated patients

Introducción: La ventilación mecánica artificial es una medida terapéutica de soporte vital aplicada en contextos clínicos como el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo. Por eso es necesario establecer parámetros de seguridad. La presión de distensión alveolar es una variable de interés en la protección pulmonar. Se usa para optimizar el volumen tidal de acuerdo con el tamaño del pulmón disponible durante el intercambio gaseoso. Refleja el grado de estiramiento pulmonar en cada ciclo respiratorio. Objetivo: Actualizar contenidos referentes a la presión de distensión alveolar en pacientes ventilados con distrés respiratorio agudo. Método: Se realizó una pesquisa en Google Scholar, Pubmed/Medline, SciELO regional entre otros, bajo los términos: ventilación de protección pulmonar/variables, presión de distensión alveolar durante la ventilación/medición, relación de la presión de distensión alveolar y mortalidad en SDRA/resultados. Se seleccionaron 65 referencias que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: La evidencia actual asocia el hecho de mantener una excesiva presión de distención alveolar, a la mortalidad en pacientes ventilados con síndrome de distrés respiratorio. Permite identificar el riesgo de daño inducido por la ventilación y complicaciones pulmonares en otros escenarios clínicos. Se logra así mejoría en los objetivos y metas en la ventilación mecánica artificial. Conclusiones: La presión de distensión alveolar está asociada con cambios en la supervivencia y ha demostrado ser el mediador clave en los efectos de la ventilación mecánica sobre los resultados del síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo(AU)

Introduction: Artificial mechanical ventilation is a life support therapeutic measure applied in clinical scenarios such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, to establish safety parameters is necessary. Alveolar distending pressure is a variable of interest in lung protection. It is used to optimize tidal volume according to the size of the lung available during gas exchange. It reflects the degree of lung stretch in each respiratory cycle. Objective: To update contents concerning alveolar distending pressure in ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress. Methods: A search was carried out in Google Scholar, Pubmed/Medline, regional SciELO, among others, under the terms ventilación de protección pulmonar/variables [lung-protective ventilation/variables], presión de distensión alveolar durante la ventilación/medición [alveolar distending pressure during ventilation/measurement], relación de la presión de distensión alveolar [relationship between alveolar distending pressure] and mortalidad en SDRA/resultados [ARDS mortality/results]. Sixty-five references that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Results: Current evidence associates the maintenance of excessive alveolar distending pressure with mortality in ventilated patients with respiratory distress syndrome. It allows to identify the risk of ventilator-induced damage and pulmonary complications in other clinical scenarios. It thus achieves improved goals and objectives in artificial mechanical ventilation. Conclusions: Alveolar distending pressure is associated with changes in survival and has been shown to be the key mediator in the effects of mechanical ventilation on acute respiratory distress syndrome outcomes(AU)

Physical therapy protocols to attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy in critically ill patients: narrative review / Protocolos de terapia física para atenuar la atrofia del músculo esquelético en pacientes críticos: revisión narrativa

SUMMARY: To describe the physical therapy protocols used in critically ill patients to attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy. We conducted a search in PubMed and Embase from inception to November 2020. Observational or experimental studies published in English or Spanish that evaluated the effect of physical therapy protocols on the attenuation of skeletal muscle atrophy in critically ill patients through muscle strength or mass measurement were considered eligible. Studies were only included if they reported a detailed description of the dosing of the interventions. Seventeen studies met the eligibility criteria. We included randomised clinical trials (n = 16) and observational studies (n = 1). The total population of the included studies was 872 critically ill patients. The studies aimed to evaluate the reliability, safety or effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (n = 10) protocols, early mobilisation (n = 3), ergometer training (n = 2), transfers in tilt table (n = 1), and blood flow restriction (n = 1). Physical therapy protocols are part of the critically ill patient's integral management. Strategies such as passive mobilisation, in-bed and out-of-bed transfers, gait training, ergometer training, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation substantially impact critically ill patients' prognoses and quality of life after hospital discharge.

RESUMEN: Describir los protocolos de terapia física usados en pacientes críticos para atenuar la atrofia muscular esquelética. Realizamos una búsqueda en PubMed y Embase desde el inicio hasta noviembre de 2020. Se consideraron los estudios observacionales o experimentales publicados en inglés o español que evaluaron el efecto de los protocolos de terapia física en la atenuación de la atrofia del músculo esquelético en pacientes críticos a través de la medición de la fuerza o la masa muscular. Los estudios solo se incluyeron si informaron una descripción detallada de la dosificación de las intervenciones. Diecisiete estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (n = 16) y estudios observacionales (n = 1). La población total de los estudios incluidos fue de 872 pacientes en estado crítico. Los estudios tuvieron como objetivo evaluar la confiabilidad, seguridad o efectividad de los protocolos de estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular (n = 10), movilización temprana (n = 3), entrenamiento con ergómetro (n = 2), transferencias en mesa basculante (n = 1) y restricción del flujo sanguíneo (n = 1). Los protocolos de terapia física forman parte del manejo integral del paciente crítico. Es- trategias como la movilización pasiva, los traslados dentro y fuera de la cama, el entrenamiento de la marcha, el entrenamiento con ergómetro y la estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular tienen un impacto sustancial en el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes críticos después del alta hospitalaria.

Olho seco e COVID-19: uma revisão narrativa / Dry eyes and COVID-19: a narrative review

RESUMO Com o advento do cenário pandêmico causado pelo SARS-CoV-2, no início do ano de 2020, foi notado um vasto quadro clínico entre os indivíduos infectados. Dentre os sintomas oculares mais comuns ocasionados pela COVID-19, o olho seco tornou-se bastante prevalente nesse meio. O estudo do tipo revisão narrativa busca avaliar os fatores de risco associados ao surgimento ou à intensificação dos quadros de olho seco na população durante o período pandêmico. A partir da análise bibliográfica, foi descrita a influência da ventilação por pressão positiva, do uso de máscaras de forma incorreta e de telas eletrônicas e da ansiedade e da depressão como fatores predisponentes ao desenvolvimento da doença do olho seco. No entanto, ainda é notada a necessidade de estudos mais explicativos para estabelecer a relação direta entre a causalidade dos fatores.

ABSTRACT With the advent of the pandemic scenario caused by SARS-CoV-2 in the beginning of the year 2020, a vast clinical picture was noticed among the infected individuals. Among the most common eye symptoms caused by Covid-19, dry eye (DE) has become quite prevalent in this environment. The narrative review study seeks to assess the risk factors associated with the emergence or intensification of DE conditions in the population during the pandemic period. A literature review showed the influence of positive pressure ventilation, incorrect use of masks, as well as electronic screens, in addition to anxiety and depression as predisposing factors for the development of dry eye disease. However, the need for more explanatory studies and for establishing a direct relationship between the causality of the factors is still noted.

Pulmonary complications and respiratory management in neurocritical care: a narrative review / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Neurocritical care (NCC) is not only generally guided by principles of general intensive care, but also directed by specific goals and methods. This review summarizes the common pulmonary diseases and pathophysiology affecting NCC patients and the progress made in strategies of respiratory support in NCC. This review highlights the possible interactions and pathways that have been revealed between neurological injuries and respiratory diseases, including the catecholamine pathway, systemic inflammatory reactions, adrenergic hypersensitivity, and dopaminergic signaling. Pulmonary complications of neurocritical patients include pneumonia, neurological pulmonary edema, and respiratory distress. Specific aspects of respiratory management include prioritizing the protection of the brain, and the goal of respiratory management is to avoid inappropriate blood gas composition levels and intracranial hypertension. Compared with the traditional mode of protective mechanical ventilation with low tidal volume (Vt), high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and recruitment maneuvers, low PEEP might yield a potential benefit in closing and protecting the lung tissue. Multimodal neuromonitoring can ensure the safety of respiratory maneuvers in clinical and scientific practice. Future studies are required to develop guidelines for respiratory management in NCC.

Effects on extravascular lung water of lung protective ventilation strategy applied on piglets with acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by paraquat / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To study the effects on extravascular lung water of lung protective ventilation strategy applying on piglets with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by paraquat (PQ) under pulse indicating continuous cardiac output (PiCCO) monitoring. Methods: The piglets models with ARDS induced by PQ were established in June 2020 and all of them were received mechanical ventilation and divided into three groups according to tidal volume (V(T)) : small V(T) group (6 ml/kg) , middle V(T) group (10 ml/kg) and large V(T) group (15 ml/kg) , there were 5 piglets in each group. The positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) were all setup on 10 cmH(2)O. The indexes such as arterial blood gas analysis, oxygenation index (OI) , extravascular lung water index (ELWI) and pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPI) were monitored at time of before the model was established (baseline) , time of the model was established (t(0)) and 2 h (t(2)) , 4 h (t(4)) , 6 h (t(6)) after mechanical ventilation. Lung tissue were punctured at time of baseline, t(0) and t(6) to be stained by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and pulmonary pathology were observed under light microscopy. Results: The heart rate (HR) , mean arterial pressure (MAP) and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)) of all groups were higher than the base value while the pH values, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO(2)) and OI were lower than the base value when the models were established (P<0.05) . After mechanical ventilation, the HR and MAP values of all groups at t(2), t(4) and t(6) were lower than t(0) while the PaCO(2) of t(4) and t(6) were all higher than t(0), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . The PaO(2) and OI of all groups showed a trend of rising at first and then decreasing after mechanical ventilation. The MAP, PaO(2), PaCO(2) and OI of the middle V(T) group and large V(T) group were apparently lower than that of the small V(T) group at t(2), t(4) and t(6) (P<0.05) . The ELWI and PVPI at t(0) of all groups were higher than that of baseline (P<0.05) . The ELWI of the small V(T) group at t(6) were lower than t(0) of the same group and t(6) of the middle V(T) group and large V(T) group (P<0.05) . HE staining showed congestion and edema of alveolar tissue, swelling of capillaries, exudation of red blood cells and widening of alveolar septum in piglets after successful modeling. And further widening of alveolar septum and rupture of alveolar septum could be seen in the lung tissues of each group at t(6), and the injury was the slightest in the small V(T) group. Conclusion: The lung protective ventilation strategy can alleviate the extravascular lung water and ARDS induced by PQ and improve oxygenation.

Effect of sequential sedation and analgesia in preventing delirium and withdrawal symptoms in children after ventilator weaning / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the effect of sequential sedative and analgesic drugs in preventing delirium and withdrawal symptoms in children after ventilator weaning.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 61 children who were admitted and received mechanical ventilation support for ≥5 days in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Dongguan Children's Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University from December 2019 to September 2021. The children were divided into a control group (30 children with no maintenance of analgesic and sedative drugs after ventilator weaning) and an observation group (31 children with sequential sedative and analgesic drugs maintained for 48 hours after ventilator weaning). The two groups were compared in terms of the Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale (SOS) score, the Pediatric Delirium Scale (PD) score, the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) score, and the incidence rates of delirium or withdrawal symptoms at 24 and 72 hours after ventilator weaning.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of delirium at 24 hours and 72 hours after ventilator weaning between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly lower incidence rate of withdrawal symptoms and scores of SOS, PD, and RASS scales at 24 hours and 72 hours after ventilator weaning (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Sequential sedation and analgesia after ventilator weaning can reduce the incidence of withdrawal symptoms within 72 hours after ventilator weaning, but it cannot reduce the incidence rate of delirium.

Deglución post extubación de pacientes críticos con y sin diagnóstico de COVID-19 durante la pandemia / Post extubation swallowing in critical patients with and without COVID-19 during the pandemic

Estudios previos han caracterizado la disfagia en pacientes críticos hospitalizados que requieren intubación y ventilación mecánica invasiva. A raíz de la pandemia COVID-19 es necesario conocer las características deglutorias de pacientes diagnosticados con la enfermedad para su manejo. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las características deglutorias de pacientes críticos extubados con y sin diagnóstico de COVID-19. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con una muestra a conveniencia de 43 sujetos mayores de 15 años, ingresados al Hospital San Juan de Dios (Santiago, Chile) entre el 01 de junio y el 31 de agosto de 2020, intubados con o sin diagnóstico de COVID-19. Del total de sujetos, 22 padecieron de COVID-19 quienes estuvieron significativamente más días intubados que aquellos sin la patología (p=0,002). Inmediatamente posterior a la extubación orotraqueal, más del 90% de la muestra presentó disfagia. No hubo diferencia significativa en el nivel FILS ni asociación significativa en el grado de severidad de la disfagia entre sujetos con y sin COVID-19. Tampoco hubo diferencia significativa en el nivel FILS entre los grupos a los 10 días post-extubación. El nivel FILS a los 10 días aumentó significativamente en aquellos sujetos con COVID-19 (p=0,016) y sin COVID-19 (p=0,004). En la muestra, el nivel FILS y grado de severidad de la disfagia de los pacientes con y sin COVID-19 no mostraron diferencias estadísticas, siendo alto el porcentaje de disfagia en ambos grupos, lo que se podría asociar a la intubación orotraqueal y al tubo orotraqueal. Es necesaria la incorporación del fonoaudiólogo dentro de los equipos de Unidades de Pacientes Críticos para el manejo de los pacientes con COVID-19 y disfagia. Además, se recomienda continuar con más estudios en el área.

Previous research have described the deglutition disorders in critical hospitalised patients who required intubation and mechanical ventilation. In the pandemic context, it is mandatory to study both level and grade of dysphagia in patients suffering from COVID-19. The aim of this study is to analyse the deglutition features of extubated critical patients with and without COVID-19. A retrospective cohort study was performed, considering a convenience sample of 43 patients from 15 years old hospitalised at 'Hospital San Juan de Dios' between June 1st and August 31th 2020, who were intubated, with and without the diagnosis of COVID-19. 22of out 43 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 who were intubated for significantly more days in comparison with those without COVID-19 (p=.002). After the intratracheal extubation, 90% of the sample was diagnosed with dysphagia. There was no significant difference in the FILS score nor significant association in dysphagia severity between patients with and without COVID-19. After 10 days post extubation, there was no significant difference in the FILS score between both groups. The FILS score increased significantly in the COVID-19 (p=.016) and non-COVID-19 (p=.004) patients after 10 days post extubation. Post extubation, there are no statistical differences in the FILS score and dysphagia severity in critical ill patients with and without COVID-19, with a high percentage of dysphagia in both groups which could be associated with intratracheal intubation and endotracheal tubes. The incorporation of speech and language therapists in Critical Care Units is mandatory. Furthermore, it is recommended to perform extra research in the area.

Incidência e fatores de risco associados à falha na ventilação não invasiva em pacientes pediátricos / Incidence and risk factors associated with noninvasive ventilation failure in pediatric patients

Introdução: O suporte ventilatório é usado para o tratamento de pacientes com insuficiência respiratória aguda (IRpA) ou crônica agudizada. A ventilação não-invasiva (VNI) na IRpA pediátrica é amplamente usada em bebês prematuros e crianças, porém até a data atual os estudos têm sido escassos. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os fatores de risco associados à falha na VNI em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica.Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva a partir de prontuários de pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) Pediátrica de um Hospital de Caxias do Sul, entre maio de 2017 e outubro de 2019, que utilizaram VNI.Resultados: A incidência de falha na VNI foi de 33%. Asma (RR = 1,36; IC95% = 1,08-1,72), uso de VNI em pacientes pós-extubação (RR = 1,97; IC95% = 1,17-3,29), uso contínuo da VNI (RR = 2,44; IC95% = 1,18-5,05), encerramento à noite (RR = 2,52; IC95% = 1,53-4,14), modalidade final ventilação mandatória intermitente sincronizada (SIMV) (RR = 4,20; IC95% = 2,20-7,90), pressão expiratória positiva final (PEEP) no início da ventilação (6,8 ± 1,1; p < 0,01) e fração inspiratória de O2 (FIO2) final (53,10 ± 18,50; p < 0,01) foram associados à falha. Adicionalmente, a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) inicial (118,68 ± 18,68 mmHg; p = 0,02), a frequência respiratória inicial (FR) (47,69 ± 14,76; p = 0,28) e final (47,54 ± 14,76; p < 0,01) foram associados a falha.Conclusão: A modalidade ventilatória final SIMV, demostra ser o melhor preditor de risco de falha, seguido do turno em que a VNI é finalizada, onde à noite existe maior risco de falha. Além disso, foram preditores de falha, porém com menor robustez, a pressão positiva inspiratória (PIP) final e a FR final.

Introduction: Ventilatory support is used for the treatment of patients with acutely chronic or acute respiratory failure (ARF). Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in pediatric ARF is widely used in preterm infants and children, but studies to date have been limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the risk factors associated with NIV failure in a pediatric intensive care unit.Methods: This retrospective cohort study was based on medical records of patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of a hospital in Caxias do Sul, southern Brazil, between May 2017 and October 2019, who used NIV.Results: The incidence of NIV failure was 33%. Asthma (relative risk [RR] = 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-1.72), post-extubation use of NIV (RR = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.17-3.29), continuous use of NIV (RR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.18-5.05), completion at night (RR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.53-4.14), final mode synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) (RR = 4.20; 95% CI = 2.20-7.90), positive end-expiratory pressure at the beginning of ventilation (6.8 ± 1.1; p < 0.01), and final fraction of inspired oxygen (53.10 ± 18.50; p < 0.01) were associated with failure. Additionally, initial systolic blood pressure (118.68 ± 18.68 mmHg; p = 0.02), initial respiratory rate (IRR) (47.69 ± 14.76; p = 0.28), and final respiratory rate (47.54 ± 14.76; p < 0.01) were associated with failure.Conclusion: The final ventilatory mode SIMV proves to be the best failure risk predictor, followed by the shift in which NIV is completed, as there is a greater risk of failure at night. In addition, final positive inspiratory pressure and final respiratory rate were less robust predictors of failure.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia: incidence, microbial etiology and antimicrobial resistance profile / Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica: incidência, etiologia microbiana e perfil de resistência antimicrobiana / Neumonía asociada a ventilador: incidencia, etiología microbiana y perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana

Background and Objectives: Infections caused by multi-drug resistant microorganisms have a great clinical and economic impact. The present study proposed to determine and assess ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) incidence in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), to establish the profile of hospitalized patients and to determine the frequency of microorganisms isolated as well as their antimicrobial resistance profile. Methods: A descriptive, documental study, with a quantitative approach, carried out at a teaching hospital. Participants were all individuals admitted to the General ICU who developed VAP in 2018 and 2019. Results: During the study, 146 patients were diagnosed with VAP, with an incidence of 23.66/1000 patient-days on mechanical ventilation. The median age of patients was 52.5 years and most of them were man. One hundred and eight microorganisms were isolated in cultures, the majority being gram-negative bacteria. Non-fermenting bacteria were the most frequent (n=46; 42.6%), followed by enterobacteria (n=42; 38.9%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent microorganism among gram-positive (n=17; 15.7%). The most frequent multi-drug resistant bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterobacter spp. No microorganism showed colistin and vancomycin resistance. Patients infected with multi-drug resistant bacteria were hospitalized longer when compared to other patients. Conclusions: VAP incidence was high. The knowledge of the etiologic agents of VAP and their antimicrobial resistance profile is fundamental to support the elaboration of institutional treatment protocols as well as assist in empirical antibiotic therapy.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: As infecções causadas por microrganismos multirresistentes têm grande impacto clínico e econômico. O presente estudo propôs determinar e avaliar a incidência de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV) em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), estabelecer o perfil dos pacientes internados e determinar a frequência de microrganismos isolados, bem como seu perfil de resistência antimicrobiana. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, documental, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em um hospital universitário. Participaram todos os indivíduos admitidos na UTI Geral que desenvolveram PAV em 2018 e 2019. Resultados: Durante o estudo, 146 pacientes foram diagnosticados com PAV, com incidência de 23,66/1000 pacientes-dia em ventilação mecânica. A idade mediana dos pacientes foi de 52,5 anos e a maioria era do sexo masculino. Cento e oito microrganismos foram isolados em culturas, sendo a maioria bactérias gram-negativas. As bactérias não fermentadoras foram as mais frequentes (n=46; 42,6%), seguidas das enterobactérias (n=42; 38,9%). Staphylococcus aureus foi o microrganismo mais frequente entre os Gram-positivos (n=17; 15,7%). As bactérias multirresistentes mais frequentes foram Acinetobacter baumannii e Enterobacter spp. Nenhum microrganismo apresentou resistência à colistina e vancomicina. Pacientes infectados com bactérias multirresistentes ficaram mais tempo internados quando comparados a outros pacientes. Conclusões: A incidência de PAV foi alta. O conhecimento dos agentes etiológicos da PAV e seu perfil de resistência antimicrobiana é fundamental para subsidiar a elaboração de protocolos institucionais de tratamento, bem como auxiliar na antibioticoterapia empírica.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: Las infecciones causadas por microorganismos multirresistentes tienen un gran impacto clínico y económico. El presente estudio se propuso determinar y evaluar la incidencia de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (NAV) en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), establecer el perfil de pacientes hospitalizados y determinar la frecuencia de microorganismos aislados así como su perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, documental, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en un hospital escuela. Participaron todas las personas ingresadas en UCI General que desarrollaron NAV en 2018 y 2019. Resultados: Durante el estudio, 146 pacientes fueron diagnosticados con NAV, con una incidencia de 23,66/1000 pacientes-día en ventilación mecánica. La mediana de edad de los pacientes fue de 52,5 años y la mayoría eran hombres. Se aislaron 108 microorganismos en cultivos, siendo la mayoría bacterias gramnegativas. Las bacterias no fermentadoras fueron las más frecuentes (n=46; 42,6%), seguidas de las enterobacterias (n=42; 38,9%). Staphylococcus aureus fue el microorganismo más frecuente entre los grampositivos (n=17; 15,7%). Las bacterias multirresistentes más frecuentes fueron Acinetobacter baumannii y Enterobacter spp. Ningún microorganismo mostró resistencia a colistina y vancomicina. Los pacientes infectados con bacterias multirresistentes fueron hospitalizados por más tiempo en comparación con otros pacientes. Conclusiones: La incidencia de NAV fue alta. El conocimiento de los agentes etiológicos de la VAP y su perfil de resistencia a los antimicrobianos es fundamental para apoyar la elaboración de protocolos de tratamiento institucionales, así como para ayudar en la terapia antibiótica empírica.(AU)

Factores neurológicos asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular y ventilación mecánica artificial / Neurological factors associated to mortality in patients with cerebrovascular accident and artificial mechanical ventilation

Introducción: El accidente cerebrovascular es una de las causas más comunes de mortalidad a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación existente entre el desarrollo de afecciones neurológicas y la necesidad de ventilación mecánica con el aumento de la incidencia de mortalidad en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo de corte transversal, realizado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital de atención secundaria. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 52 pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular los cuales recibieron soporte respiratorio artificial entre los años 2018 y 2020. La variable de interés final fue la mortalidad. Los factores neurológicos estudiados fueron el tipo de accidente cerebrovascular, puntuación de la escala de coma de Glasgow, ausencia de reflejos de tallo encefálico, anisocoria y complicaciones neurológicas. El nivel de significación se halló según p valor ≤ 0,05 a través de Chi cuadrado de independencia. Resultados: La mortalidad proporcional predominó en el accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico tipo hemorragia intracraneal no traumática (p= 0,118), ausencia de reflejos del tallo encefálico (p=0,000), anisocoria (p=0,000), escala de coma de Glasgow <8 puntos (p=0,000) y complicaciones neurológicas como la hipertensión endocraneana (p=0,010). Conclusiones: Los factores neurológicos asociados a la mortalidad fueron la ausencia de reflejos del tallo encefálico, anisocoria, escala de coma de Glasgow <8 puntos y complicaciones neurológicas como la hipertensión endocraneana(AU)

Introduction: Cerebrovascular accident is one of the commonest causes of mortality in the world. Objective: To determine the association between development of neurological disorders and the need for mechanical ventilation with an increased incidence of mortality in the intensive care unit. Methods: An observational, prospective and cross-sectional study was carried out in the intensive care unit of a secondary care hospital. The study population consisted of 52 patients with cerebrovascular accident who received artificial respiratory support between 2018 and 2020. The final variable of interest was mortality. The neurological factors studied were type of cerebrovascular accident, score according to the Glasgow coma scale, absence of brainstem reflexes, anisocoria, and neurological complications. The level of significance was determined according to P ≤ 0.05, through chi-square of independence. Results: Proportional mortality prevailed in hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage type (P=0.118), absence of brainstem reflexes (P=0.000), anisocoria (P=0.000), score of less than eight points according to the Glasgow coma scale (P=0.000), and neurological complications such as endocranial hypertension (P=0.010). Conclusions: The neurological factors associated with mortality were absence of brainstem reflexes, anisocoria, score of less than eight points according to the Glasgow coma scale, and neurological complications such as endocranial hypertension(AU)

Factors associated with recurrent wheezing in the first year of life among premature newborns from Neonatal Intensive Care Units / Fatores associados à sibilância recorrente no primeiro ano de vida entre recémnascidos prematuros provenientes de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatais

Abstract Objectives: to determine the prevalence and factors associated with recurrent wheezing in the first year of life among premature newborns from Neonatal Intensive Care Units, in the city of Montes Claros, northern Minas Gerais. Methods: cross-sectional study, with data collection from medical records of a follow-up clinic, interviews with mothers and, eventually, search in hospital records. Bivariate analyzes were carried out between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and recurrent wheezing. Variables associated up to the level of 20% were analyzed by binary logistic regression, and associations defined by the Odds Ratio and respective 95% confidence intervals. Only variables associated with a 5% significance level were maintained in the final model of logistic regression. Results: among 277 infants studied, about one fifth (21.3%) were extremely low birth weight preterm and more than half (60.7%) had birth weight below 1500 grams. The prevalence of recurrent wheezing was 14.4% (CI95% = 10.3-18.4). Mechanical ventilation (OR = 2.12; CI95% = 1.09-4.76; p = 0.030) and oxygen therapy time ≥ 15 days (OR = 2.49; CI95%= 1.12-5.00; p = 0.010) were the risk factors for the event. Conclusions: there is a high prevalence of recurrent wheezing in the evaluated group and the associated variables reiterate the risk of prolonged oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation for premature newborns.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a prevalência e fatores associados à sibilância recorrente no primeiro ano de vida entre recém-nascidos prematuros egressos de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatais, na cidade de Montes Claros, norte de Minas Gerais. Métodos: estudo transversal, com coleta de dados em prontuários de ambulatório de seguimento, entrevistas com mães e, eventualmente, consultas aos prontuários hospitalares. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas entre as características sociodemográficas e clínicas e a sibilância recorrente. As variáveis associadas ao desfecho até um nível de significância de p ≤20% foram analisadas por regressão logística binária e as associações definidas pelas Odds Ratios e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Somente variáveis associadas a um nível de significância de 5% foram mantidas no modelo final de regressão logística. Resultados: entre 277 crianças estudadas, cerca de um quinto (21,3%) eram prematuros de extremo baixo peso e mais da metade (60,7%) tinha peso de nascimento abaixo de 1500 gramas. A prevalência de sibilância recorrente foi de 14,4% (IC95%=10,3-18,4). Ventilação mecânica (OR=2,12; IC95%= 1,09-4,76; p=0,030) e tempo de oxigenioterapia ≥15 dias (OR=2,49; IC95%=1,12-5,00; p=0,010) foram os fatores de risco para o evento. Conclusão: existe uma elevada prevalência de sibilância recorrente no grupo avaliado e as variáveis associadas reiteram o risco do uso prolongado de oxigenioterapia e da ventilação mecânica para recém-nascidos prematuros.

Risk Score for Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Abstract Background Prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) after cardiac surgery imposes a significant burden on the patient in terms of morbidity and financial hospital costs. Objective To develop a risk score model to predict prolonged MV in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Methods This was a historical cohort study of 4165 adult patients undergoing CABG between January 1996 and December 2016. MV for periods ≥ 12 hours was considered prolonged. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between risk predictors and prolonged MV. The variables were scored according to the odds ratio. To build the risk score, the database was randomly divided into 2 parts: development data set (2/3) with 2746 patients and internal validation data set (1/3) with 1419 patients. The final score was validated in the total database and the model's accuracy was tested by performance statistics. Significance was established at p < 0.05. Results Prolonged MV was observed in 783 (18.8%) patients. Predictors of risk were age ≥ 65 years, urgent/emergency surgery, body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiopulmonary bypass time ≥ 120 minutes. The area under the ROC curve was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.64-0.68; p<0.001), the Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square test was χ2: 3.38 (p=0.642), and Pearson's correlation was r = 0.99 (p<0.001), indicating the model's satisfactory ability to predict the occurrence of prolonged MV. Conclusion Selected variables allowed the construction of a simplified risk score for daily practice, which may classify the patients as having low, moderate, high, and very high risk. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica en niños y adolescentes / Pneumonia associated with the mechanical ventilation in children and adolescents

Introducción: La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica es una infección, que se relaciona con los cuidados sanitarios. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a niños y adolescentes con neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica, según variables seleccionadas. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 36 pacientes con neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Infantil Norte Dr. Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero del 2017 hasta diciembre del 2018. Resultados: Se halló un predominio de los pacientes menores de 5 años de edad (80,6 %), del sexo masculino (66,7 %), la ventilación mecánica prolongada (69,4 %) y las neumonías asociadas a la ventilación de aparición tardía relacionadas con la mortalidad. Los microorganismos más frecuentes resultaron ser los gramnegativos. La combinación de cefalosporinas y vancomicina fue la más utilizada. Conclusiones: La evolución de los pacientes dependió del tiempo de inicio, el microorganismo predominante y el tratamiento antimicrobiano empleado.

Introduction: The pneumonia associated with the mechanical ventilation is an infection that is related to the sanitary cares. Objective: To characterize clinical and epidemiologically children and adolescents with pneumonia associated with the mechanical ventilation, according to selected variables. Method: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 36 patients with pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation admitted in the Intensive Cares Unit of Dr. Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Children Hospital; was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2017 to December, 2018. Results: There was a prevalence of the patients under 5 years (80.6 %), the male sex (66.7 %), the long lasting mechanical ventilation (69.4 %) and pneumonias associated with the ventilation of late appearance related to mortality. The most frequent microorganisms were the Gram negative. The combination of cephalosporins and vancomycin were the most used. Conclusions: The clinical course of the patients depended on the time of beginning, the predominant microorganism and the antimicrobial treatment used.

Utilidad del ultrasonido a la cabecera del paciente con neumotórax en infección por SARS-CoV-2. Reporte de caso / Usefulness of bedside ultrasound in patients with pneumothorax in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Case report

It has been described that patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may present pneumothorax, either spontaneously, primarily due to constant cough, secondary to pneumonia caused by said disease, or iatrogenic due to mechanical ventilation that require high pressures, or traumatic due to urgent approaches, in a difficult airway such as that of these patients. The use of bedside ultrasonography has been gaining great relevance to complement clinical diagnosis, which has become a useful and reliable tool for personnel treating critically ill patients.

Se ha descrito que los pacientes con la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), pueden presentar neumotórax, ya sea de forma espontánea, primaria por la tos constante, secundaria a la neumonía causada por dicha enfermedad, o ya sea iatrogénica por la ventilación mecánica que requieren con altas presiones, o traumática por los abordajes urgentes, en una vía aérea difícil como la de estos pacientes. El uso de la ultrasonografía a la cabecera del paciente ha venido cobrando gran relevancia para complementar el diagnóstico clínico, la cual se ha convertido en una herramienta útil y fiable para el personal que atiende pacientes críticamente enfermos.

Caracterización de las infecciones en niños portadores de cánula de traqueotomía: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Characterization of infections in children with Tracheostomy Tube: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Resumen Introducción: actualmente los profesionales de la salud se enfrentan al manejo de las vías aéreas artificiales en grupos pediátricos, esto requiere de cuidados delicados y mucha atención para detectar, establecer y manejar situaciones apremiantes; por esta razón, existe un mayor riesgo de aparición de infecciones bacterianas traqueopulmonares. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la caracterización de las infecciones en pacientes pediátricos portadores de cánula de traqueotomía en las diferentes publicaciones científicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante la búsqueda de la literatura existente entre los años 2015-2020 en las bases de datos Elsevier, PubMed, Google Académico y SciELO, teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusión artículos en idioma inglés, español y población de edad entre los 0-15 años con infección de cánula de traqueotomía en los años 2015-2020. Resultados: de 258 artículos distribuidos en las bases de datos, se seleccionaron 21 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Conclusiones: a pesar de que en la actualidad existan criterios clínicos, factores de riesgo y pruebas de laboratorio asociados a infecciones de la cánula postraqueotomía en pacientes pediátricos, se requiere mayor investigación para definir las guías clínicas de manejo en la toma de decisiones médicas. Asimismo, se consideró como limitación importante la cantidad de literatura existente con respecto al tema.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, health professionals face the management of artificial airways in pediatric groups, this requires delicate care and a lot of attention to detect, establish and manage pressing situations, which is why there is a greater risk of tracheo-pulmonary bacterial infections. The objective was to analyze the characterization of infections in pediatric patients with tracheostomy tubes in the different scientific publications. Method: A systematic review of the literature was carried out between the years 2015-2020 in Elsevier, PubMed, Google Academic and SciELO databases, taking into account the inclusion criteria of the population aged 0-15 years in the years 2015-2020. The amount of existing literature on the subject was considered an important limitation. Results: From 258 articles distributed in the databases, 21 articles were selected that met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: Although there are currently clinical criteria, risk factors and laboratory tests associated with infections of the post-tracheotomy tube in pediatric patients, further research is required to define clinical guidelines for management in medical decision-making.

Protective mechanical ventilation in patients with risk factors for ARDS: prospective cohort study / Ventilação mecânica protetora em pacientes com fator de risco para SDRA: estudo de coorte prospectiva

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association that protective mechanical ventilation (MV), based on VT and maximum distending pressure (MDP), has with mortality in patients at risk for ARDS. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted in an ICU and including 116 patients on MV who had at least one risk factor for the development of ARDS. Ventilatory parameters were collected twice a day for seven days, and patients were divided into two groups (protective MV and nonprotective MV) based on the MDP (difference between maximum airway pressure and PEEP) or VT. The outcome measures were 28-day mortality, ICU mortality, and in-hospital mortality. The risk factors associated with the adoption of nonprotective MV were also assessed. Results: Nonprotective MV based on VT and MDP was applied in 49 (42.2%) and 38 (32.8%) of the patients, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression showed that protective MV based on MDP was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.19-0.73) and lower ICU mortality (hazard ratio = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19-0.85), after adjustment for age, Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3, and vasopressor use, as well as the baseline values for PaO2/FiO2 ratio, PEEP, pH, and PaCO2. These associations were not observed when nonprotective MV was based on the VT. Conclusions: The MDP seems to be a useful tool, better than VT, for adjusting MV in patients at risk for ARDS.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação da ventilação mecânica (VM) protetora, com base no VT e na pressão de distensão máxima (PDM), com a mortalidade em pacientes com fator de risco para SDRA. Métodos: Este estudo de coorte prospectivo foi conduzido em uma UTI e incluiu 116 pacientes em VM que apresentavam pelo menos um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de SDRA. Os parâmetros ventilatórios foram coletados duas vezes ao dia durante sete dias, e os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos (VM protetora e VM não protetora) com base na PDM (diferença entre pressão máxima de vias aéreas e PEEP) ou no VT. Os desfechos foram mortalidade em 28 dias, mortalidade na UTI e mortalidade hospitalar. Os fatores de risco associados com a adoção da VM não protetora também foram avaliados. Resultados: A VM não protetora com base no VT e na PDM ocorreu em 49 (42,2%) e em 38 (32,8%) dos pacientes, respectivamente. A regressão multivariada de Cox mostrou que a VM protetora com base na PDM associou-se a menor mortalidade hospitalar (hazard ratio = 0,37; IC95%: 0,19-0,73) e em UTI (hazard ratio = 0,40; IC95%, 0,19-0,85), após ajuste para idade, Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3, uso de vasopressor e valores basais de PaO2/FiO2, PEEP, pH e PaCO2. Essas associações não foram observadas quando a VM não protetora foi baseada no VT. Conclusões: A PDM parece ser uma ferramenta útil, melhor do que o VT, para o ajuste da VM em pacientes sob risco para SDRA.